Impact of Organizational Culture in Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Impact of Organizational Culture in Decision Making Essay In any organization, decision making has traditionally been put in the hands of the management or superiors. An organization’s hierarchy emerges when an organization experiences problems in coordinating and motivating employees. As an organization grows, employees increase in number and begin to specialize, performing widely different kinds of tasks; the level of differentiation increases; and coordinating employees’ activities becomes more difficult (Jones, 2004). As globalization and information technology has changed every sector of the world, business organizations have attuned to demand their leaders to make decisions quickly, without needless ado, and move on to other pressing matters. This creates the temptation to make the decision unilaterally, for the sake of speed and efficiency, and be done with it. On the other hand, it is becoming increasingly clear that healthy organizations characteristically find strength in opening up participation in decision making and empowering relevant people at all levels of the organization to contribute to the quality of the decisions made. There are two reasons for making decision making in organizations more dynamic. First, empowering people to participate in important decisions is highly motivating to them and second, broad participation infuses the decision making process with the full spectrum of knowledge and good ideas that people throughout the organization have to contribute. On the other hand, the concept of organizational culture is at the core of understanding organizational behavior such as decision making. Organizational culture involves the norms that develop in a work group, the dominant values advocated by the organization, the philosophy that guides the organizations policies concerning employees and client groups, and the feeling that is evident in the ways in which people interact with one another. Thus, it clearly deals with basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of the organization. Taken together, these define the organization itself in crucial ways: why it exists, how it has survived, what it is about. As an organization’s culture influences decisions made by its members it also influences its members’ acceptance or rejection of decisions made by its leaders. So when an organization changes its strategy, the primary interest involves assessment of the compatibility of a decision option with the organization’s culturewhere an option is defined as a possible course of action in the case of a member who is making a decision, or a proposed course of action in the case of a decision that has been made by leaders (Beach, 1996, p. 118). For example, CEOs in different industries vary considerably from one another in terms of their background characteristics and experience, an observation that has intrigued the business and academic press. For example, a widely scrutinized and publicized CEO selection decision was Apple Computers decision in 1985 to replace founder Steven Jobs with John Sculley, an industry outsider with virtually no experience in the technology-driven personal computer industry. The arguments in this controversial decision centered around the relative suitability of these individuals given the changing nature of the personal computer industry. As a result of changing industry conditions in which marketing and advertising were viewed as increasingly important strategic levers, Sculley’s marketing background and experience at Pepsis beverage operations were expected to make him a better â€Å"fit† as CEO than the technologically oriented Steve Jobs (Datta, Guthrie Rajagopalan, 2002). In this regard, the impact of organization culture in decision making is seen to be very vital. Organizational culture is a powerful environment that reflects past experiences, summarizes them, and distills them into simplifications that help to explain the enormously complex world of the organization. Efforts to reduce this complexity through simplification processes such as imposing decision-making models on it are not likely to be very workable. In this view, therefore, the culture of the organization represents significant thinking prior to action and is implicit in the decision making behavior of the organization’s leaders. So when two organizations merge, there will be an impact in it uniting the culture as to who will make the decision and the issue of empowerment and participation. Empowerment and participation would be viewed by some leaders as losing power by giving it away to others. However, modern empowering leaders understand that one gains power by sharing it with others because in collaborative effort the power available to the group multiplies. To make this effective, this effort should be accompanied by the support of ongoing technical training and consultation to help all participants to master the group process skills that are essential to making empowerment succeed. They must also be accompanied by the development of concrete and publicly known processes through which one participates in the collaborative process.

How does breastfeeding affect a babys physical development

How does breastfeeding affect a babys physical development Breastfeeding is deemed by many, as being the most important nourishment for a child. Breastfeeding provides a better and more balanced form of nutrition for the babies. Breast milk contains the accurate amount and quality of nutrients that perfectly lay within the babys primary dietary needs (Canadian Paediatric Society). To protect, promote, and keep the practice of breastfeeding alive the following research question is going to be looked at in depth throughout the report; how does breastfeeding affects and aids a babys physical development? There are countless physical benefits of breastfeeding for a baby. However the main focus of this report will be looking at the link to digestion, obesity, and dental health of the child. Breast milk is the best food for babies, the reason being is, it provides the exact combination of fats, protein, vitamins, minerals and enzymes required at various stages of growth of the new born (Kristen Burgess). Along with these features the most important part is that it is easily digestible for an infant (Leena Palande, 2010). A babys digestive system is immature and cow milk and other proteins found in formulas are heavy on the digestive system. Breast milk posses as a less load on the infants digestive system since a babys less developed digestive system requires highly absorbable nutrients. Human proteins are also more digestible as compared to the cow or other proteins that are found in the formula. Breast milk assists in proper maturity of the babys gastrointestinal tract; the stomach and the intestine as a functional unit (Jon Ahrendsen). Breast milk includes a particular protein called immunoglobulin, which operates like a defensive sealant in the digestive tract. Breas t milk also possesses a unique substance known as epidermal growth factor (EGF). It encourages the development of the cells lining in the babys intestines in addition to other surface cells, for instance the cells of the skin. These are some of the qualities of the breast milk which aid to develop the babys digestive track in a health and a strong way. Secondly, studies have found out that there is a reduced risk of being obese, among the breastfed children. Its best results were observed amongst teenagers, which show that the obesity-reducing effect of  breastfeeding  expands numerous years into a childs life. One more research revealed that the threat of becoming overweight was decreased by four percent for every month of  breastfeeding. This influence stables past nine months of  breastfeeding. The protecting benefit of  breastfeeding  is possibly caused through a number of factors. Firstly, infant formula includes approximately twice the amount of protein per serving as breast milk. This surplus quantity of protein might motivate insulin discharge in an unhealthy way. Secondly, the biological reaction to breast milk is different from that of formula. When nourishing a baby, the mothers milk encourages the babys liver to discharge a protein that aids to normalize metabolism (Breastfeeding Medicine). Feeding formula a s an alternative to breast milk, multiplies the babys concentrations of insulin in a persons blood, delays the insulin reaction, and even childhood is linked to the adverse concentrations of leptin, a hormone that slows down the hunger and restrains the body fat. Other than that premature introduction of solids (before 6 months) to the babies might also increase the danger of childhood obesity. Lastly breastfeeding also has one of its significant impacts on the dental health of the baby. Studies have found out that breast milk contains high levels of protecting chemicals and manufactures comparatively little acid in the mouth. Amongst breastfed children, the longer the period of nursing the lower risk of malocclusion; an undesirable relative positioning of the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is closed. Breast-fed kids have an enhanced overall dental health. Ones Breastfed have comparatively well-built teeth which are in good shape as well. They hardly ever require orthodontic work; the region of dentistry worried about the avoidance and correction of irregularities of the teeth, for example braces. In general children who are breastfed possess better dental health than those of formula-fed children (Target Woman). The main reason behind this benefit is the nutrients included in the breast-milk as well as the exceptional sucking action requisite by the breastfeeding. This benefit has a very long term effect on the baby. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of tooth decay. There are fewer chances of cavities  among the breastfed infants. One of the finest treatments for childrens tooth decay requires the mother to continue breastfeeding, at the same time enhancing her diet (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry). As the babies jaw muscles are energetically exercising while suckling, their steady pulling promotes the development of well-built jaws in addition to straight, healthy teeth.  Suckling at the breast is great for a babys tooth and jaw growth (Leslie Burby). All of the above facts clearly prove that breastfed infants are to a benefit when it comes to having healthy teeth. These were some of the thousands of significant influences of breastfeeding on a baby. It is very clear through the reports and studies that have been carried out throughout the world that breastfeeding does play an extremely important role; in the development of the digestive system, in reducing the risk of obesity and in providing a better dental health to the baby. Almost all of these affects do stay into a childs life for a long period of time. These qualities are incredibly essential for a babys successful development. Although physical development of a child is such an extremely important topic, but still there is not a huge study done on this topic in particular. As the above research has been done through numerous different web sites, peer reviewed articles and books. It is highly suggested that there should be a much more firmed research done, from the perspective of the physical effects of breastfeeding on the child. In specific, as there are so many benefits of breastfeedi ng on the child, why not the government banned formula for the mothers who chose not to breastfeed their children. Work sited Davis, J N,  Weigensberg, M J,  Shaibi, G Q,  Crespo, N E,  Kelly, L A,  Lane, C J,  Ã‚  Goran, M I  (April 2007).  Influence of breastfeeding on obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Latino youth with a family history of type 2 diabetes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes Care. Canadian Paediatric Society , PS. (n.d.).  breastfeeding. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cps.ca/caringforkids/pregnancybabies/Breastfeeding Jon Ahrendsen, JA. (n.d.).  advantages of breastfeeding. Retrieved from http://www.breastfeeding.com/all_about/all_about_more Target Woman, TW. (n.d.).  Benefits of breastfeeding. Retrieved from http://www.targetwoman.com/articles/benefits-breastfeeding.html Kristen Burgess, KB. (n.d.).  Why breastfeed my baby?. Retrieved from http://www.naturalbirthandbabycare.com/why-breastfeed.html Leena Palande, LP. (2010, nov 18).  Advantages of breastfeeding. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-breastfeeding.htm American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, AAPD. (n.d.).  Breast milk andcavities.Retrievedfromhttp://www.curetoothdecay.com/Baby_Bottle_Tooth_Decay/breast_milk_cavities.htm Leslie Burby, LB. (n.d.).  101 reasons to breastfeed. Retrieved from http://www.asnatureintended.info/breastfeeding.html Evenhouse, E.,  Ã‚  Reilly, S.  (Dec 2005).  Improved estimates of the benefits of breastfeeding using sibling comparisons to reduce selection bias.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health Services Research.   Breastfeeding Medicine (May 2010). Early childhood: breastfeeding, solving the problem of childhood obesity within a generation, an excerpt from the white house task force on childhood obesity: report to the president.  

Abortion :: essays research papers

When I think about abortion, I think about my cousin. She had an abortion more than once. As she told me how she regretted having an abortion, I just sat there an listen. She cried everyday on how and what she has done for herself. She wishes that she had ever gotten an abortion. I asked her why and she told me. She said, tan, I messed up my body on the insides and then I realized that I killed my own flesh and blood. After telling me that I felt really bad. That is why that I am so against women getting abortions. I think that it is wrong for a woman to get an abortion. A lot of women think that having an abortion is the right way to get rid of a child that they do not want. Well, I think that it is just wrong for them to do that. How can a woman kill her own child, which is just very sad and hurting? If a woman gets an abortion she is not only killing a child, but also messing up the insides of her body. When getting an abortion, women will still be going through a lot of pain. As women take that unborn child from her womb, she will still be through a lot of pain. So, if women are going to get an abortion, they might as well go ahead and carry that child for nine months. Women will still be going through the same pain, but the good thing about it is that a woman will not be killing a child. Some younger women make-up excuses that they do not want the child. They say they cannot afford to have a child right now. My opinion is that if they are complaining that they do not want that child, then they should not have lain down and gave themselves to men. Another reason is that a woman has gotten raped. But, that is still not a reason to kill another human being. If that woman was raped and became pregnant with child, then she should give that child up for adoption or give the child to a family member. I clearly understand that if a woman was raped and became pregnant, that she would not want that child. But I still do not see that being a reason to kill an unborn child.

Leader of my life: my mother Essay

An influential leader in my life is my mother because she exemplifies a godly woman in many ways. She is a whole person. She is a cooperative leader in the home. She also understands and accepts her role, despite cultural trends and pressure. She models authentic spirituality. She is the keeper of intimate feelings. She demonstrates and teaches compassion. She desires to complete duties with her heart. Her strong faith in God is contagious in my life. As a whole person, my mother is beautiful, healthy, and wealthy in God. Her beauty radiates from her modest and humble personality and her tastefully modest clothing style. Her desire for nutrition and personal hygiene is key to her amazing health. She knows her wealth comes from God because he blessed her with a strong Christian husband and three daughters. She gives me a beautiful reminder to remember who I am and whose I am. My mother is also a cooperative leader at home. She understands God’s design for marriage. The love and respect she gives to my father is an example of that leadership. She demonstrates cooperation through building a healthy marriage in partnership with my father. Despite trends and pressure from culture, my mother understands and accepts her role as a godly woman. Growing up, my mother taught me the dominant values of Christianity so I can carry those values into my adult life and be a Christian witness to others. She holds to her values at work as an anatomy professor, and sometimes she gets ridiculed for her faith, but she stands strong. My mother models authentic spirituality daily. She understands what is at stake, and I am willing to do anything to stand up for my faith. She invests time to strengthen her walk with Christ, and has instilled that in me as well. Another leadership quality my mother holds is her ability to never share the feelings, fears, and dreams I express to her. She is an excellent listener and provides me with spiritual advice. I like to think that I am a confidant and can be trusted by those who need a listening ear. Throughout my life, my mother has demonstrated and taught compassion. She is the source of my care, protection, nourishment, and sacrifice. Adopted at birth, my mother has sufficiently provided for me out of love. She guards  me with her life to keep me on the right path. She taught me to love healthy and nutritious food so I can do the same for my children. My mother has also made an abundance of sacrifices to make sure I live by God’s design. Finally, my mother desires lasting results with wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. She utilizes her wisdom by teaching me the ways of life. She rejoices as I apply her teachings in my life and she understands me. The abundance of knowledge my mother has supplied me with continuously fills my life with rare and beautiful treasures. My mother continually molds me into the person God intends. She shares a special partnership with God that nobody can take away from her. My mother is an influential leader in my life as an example of a godly woman. She is pure and whole in the eyes of God. She demonstrates cooperation by understanding and accepting her roles against cultural trends and pressure. She is a model of authentic spirituality, and provides a listening ear. The compassion she beholds is contagious, and she desires to complete duties with her heart. This is how my mother models leadership.

Bless Me Ultima Essay

Bless Me Ultimo Essay â€Å"The ways of men are strange and hard to learn (peg 8)†. The novel, Bless Me ultimo by Antonio Mare, tells a story of a young boy named Antonio who lives in New Mexico with his family. Throughout the book the author has flashbacks of some of his earliest memories as a child. At the age of six a lady named Ultimo joins the family and becomes one of Notation's closest companions. Ultimo is a Surrender, or a healer, but is no longer working so the family takes her in. He quickly begins to trust her as she tries her best to explain the hard ways of life to him.Although Antonio is a young boy, he experiences multiple difficult situations a six year old boy should not have to experience. This causes him to question his faith and his moral reasoning. Notation's mom is very religious and highly emphasizes Catholicism around the household. This young boy shares this love Of religion with his mother. From a very young age he felt much comfort in believing in a higher power watching over him. Although his faith is strong in the beginning of the novel Antonio witnesses his Father kill a man.After that moment he becomes fitful of his faith and wonders why events occur the way they do. He seeks reasons to explain why life can be so cruel. His dad is a vaquero with a background of living his life on the llano. His mother believes that he has the capabilities to one day become a priest although his father would love to see his son enjoy the life of a cowboy. These conflicting impressions make Antonio question his future. One day he hears the story of the golden carp from his friend Samuel. The story is about how a group of people angered the gods and they turned all the people into carp.But one god loved the people so much that he asked to be turned into a carp as well. Because he was a god they made him very big and made him of gold. After the story, Antonio states â€Å"The Golden Carp†¦ A new God (peg 129). † This shows a moment of realization for Antonio because he knows that not everybody is catholic and God has a different meaning to everyone. Quickly his ideas about God and religion start to shift. As the novel continues, numerous moral questions begin to arise as he sees more death and hatred. It is much more than he has every experienced before.His mom wishes to hide him from the hateful things that occur outside his door, but she realizes she can only do so much to protect him. He will have to figure out the ways of life for himself. He gains wisdom from the people around him and he learns that to gain happiness because he must be at peace with his identity. He will never truly understand the reason evil occurs, he feels it is too complicated for anyone to understand. He concludes that by being the best person he can be, he will obtain the happiness he desires.

Difference Between Tangled and Classic Princess Movies

Jaimie Kim English 1: Language Dynamics First Draft of Analytical Essay November 6, 2012 â€Å"Well, I’m really not supposed to speak to strangers, but we’ve met before †¦ once upon a dream. † This quote from Sleeping Beauty portrays Walt Disney Productions’ grand tradition of Disney princess movies of how most of the female protagonists are waiting for her love. . In 2010, however, Disney created a movie, named Tangled, which was based on the Grimm Brothers’ tale of Rapunzel. Although Disney decided to put its own version of this tale, Tangled is still about the long-haired princess who is locked away in a tower by a witch.Instead of dreaming about love, Tangled presents a story where Rapunzel makes a deal with a thief, Flynn Rider, to go on an escapade to see the festival of lights that appear annually on her birthday. Among the classic Disney princess movies, Tangled is distinguishable because of the lack of femininity shown in the title. Di sney had named all the fairy tales with titles that did not intrigue all audiences, such as Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast, and Sleeping Beauty. On the contrary, the tale about Rapunzel was not named Rapunzel, but rather the title Tangled, which interested a larger audience.Another difference that can be seen between Tangled and The Little Mermaid, as the ideal classic princess movie, is the female protagonists approach to love – Rapunzel to Flynn Rider and Ariel to Eric. Lastly, the other princess movies were mostly all drawn by hand and appeared to be ‘flat’ while Tangled was created with computer-generated images that made the visuals more attractive and, therefore, was added to the list of successful animated films that were produced by Disney.The titles of the classic princess movies followed a pattern: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was a movie about the princess Snow White, Cinderella was about Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty was about the princess Auro ra. These titles had female characteristics that caught girls’ interest, but did not appeal to the other half of the young audience – the boys. Nevertheless, those movies were successful, but why did Disney decide to change its style for the title of the story of Rapunzel?Many believed that the title change may have had something to do with them altering the traditional  Rapunzel  story enough that it warranted a completely different title. Adam Markovitz, however, argues that â€Å"because  The Princess and the Frog  was no great shakes at the box office [in 2009] and Disney wanted to make the project seem less †¦ girlish, [the title] was changed from Rapunzel Unbraided to Tangled. † This proves that Disney thought that The Princess and the Frog place in the box office was a failure because of the title.This leads to why they named the movie Tangled, so they can attract varied demographics. It also drew the audience’s attention to the duoâ⠂¬â„¢s complicated relationship. In addition, this movie was not all about Rapunzel, because there was another protagonist besides the princess – Flynn Rider. By having the title as Tangled, Disney broke the standard of titling the princess movies by their names. Based on the main character’s attitude towards love, Tangled is distinctive from Disney’s The Little Mermaid. I specifically chose this classic princess movie because many believe that Rapunzel is an Ariel ‘knock-off. Throughout The Little Mermaid, Ariel and Eric communicate to each other by only smiling and doing gestures. It was slightly ridiculous how they still managed to fall in love, as shown in the scene where Ariel udders: â€Å"Daddy, I love [Eric]! † and, in the end, gets married. The reason behind the whole concept of love at first sight is, as Robin Murray says, â€Å"If Ariel wasn’t attractive, Eric would not be as motivated to spend time with her. Likewise, if Eric was unattractive, Ariel wouldn’t have sold her soul to be with him. (146) This proves that fact that the relationship was based entirely on looks, because these two characters did not communicate with each other effectively. As a result, they knew nothing about each other besides seeing that the significant other was attractive and, therefore, the one for them. This shows that the Disney princess movies were all about the idea of love at first sight. Aside from the concept of love, Tangled was a movie that had a plot that related to reality, minus the magical hair of Rapunzel. This can be seen at â€Å"the moment where Rapunzel scoffs at Flynn when he broke out his charm.This sets her apart from most of the other princesses, who would most likely swoon over Flynn’s charisma. In the presence of an attractive guy, Ariel jeopardizes her existence, but Rapunzel is not impressed and is ready to use her frying pan as a weapon. Throughout the movie, Rapunzel and Flynn’s relationship contrasts greatly from Ariel and Eric’s. They don’t fall in love instantly, which doesn’t follow that princess movies’ storyline of love at first sight. â€Å"Their relationship progresses and the audience are able to witness all the individual brilliant moments they shared together. Rapunzel and Flynn first had a friendship that was a combination of fun and passion that later progressed organically and realistically, into love. Rapunzel’s approach to love was more respectable and relatable to the viewers, which shows the difference between Tangled from not only The Little Mermaid, but also to the rest of the classic princess movies. The classic Disney princess movies were all made from the traditional hand-drawn process. Due to limitations in computer technology, many basic principles of animation had been absent from these movies.Tangled was created by using  computer-generated imagery, known as CGI. Even though it was a CGI film, the producers wanted this movie to be more attractive visually by still having movement that mimicked the soft fluidity of the hand-drawn art found in classic Disney princess movies. This is why Disney decided to have the movie modeled after the romantic look of French Rococo oil paintings on canvas from the artist, Jean-Honore Fragonard, as stated by New York Times. (Scott) This helped add an atmosphere that had a magical appearance.Rather than focusing on realism, the 3D team decided to use an aesthetic approach that drew the audience in a fantasy. Tangled’s stereoscopic supervisor, Robert Newman, explains of the process of the new approach: â€Å"We’re using depth more artistically than before, by using a new technique called multi-rigging, which is made up by multiple pairs of  virtual cameras. Each pair is used individually on each separate element that adds depth to a scene, like background, foreground and characters, without adjusting for the relation with t he other pairs.

Argue and Persuade Essay

I can see why some people may think that there is no benefit to be gained by analysing the poem Half-Past Two, as some may find it tedious and would rather enjoy the poem as it is. Yet, I firmly believe analysing a story/poem definitely does assist our understanding of a certain story/poem. In the poem Half-Past Two there is no doubt in my mind that without discussing the poem with others you can not understand or appreciate it fully. As with all poems there are so many concealed or secret meanings with in it, by discussing the poem these can be revealed so everyone knows the whole meaning of the poem. By understanding a poem/story you will also enjoy it more as you won’t have to try and figure out the plot of the story. After reading a poem you can then analyse it then read it again with a better understanding, therefore relish its full significance. If you were reading a story or a poem, which you do not understand it would become more of a choir to read, rather than a pleasure. By studying the poem Half-Past Two you can see the good use of puns, personification, repetition and other literary devices and begin to cherish the real effort and skill put in by the writer. You can also learn new ways that you could possibly improve your own standard of writing. You may acquire improved methods of adding literary devices into your work, you can also expand your vocabulary by reading professional poets/writers work. When analysing the poem Half-Past Two you are given a good insight on how a young boy’s world might work, when not being able to read time. You can understand his feelings when he is left alone, without a clue what to do, but only left to stare at the clock and fall in to a timeless land. You can see that by not knowing time a child my have his own regime which he sticks too, yet when put out of it would find it hard to get back into it as he may have lost track of his own time. My opinion has been obviously displayed in this essay, I think that without fully understanding a poem/story (mainly poems as they usually have the writers own personal feelings embedded into the poem they have wrote) you can not enjoy it to its full potential. I’m sure everyone has watched a film they did not understand and therefore did not enjoy it fully. Yet after watching it a second time (a form of analysis) you will understand the plot sufficiently and will prefer it on the second viewing. This is what my argument is based on, without understanding you do not have the full enjoyment from anything, be it a film, a poem or a story.